Bladder infection (cystitis)

Most bladder infections are caused by Escherichia coli, a bacterium normally found in intestinal flora. Bacteria are introduced to the urethra and the bladder from faecal contamination or through vaginal secretions. Bladder infections are more common in women than men because of the close proximity of the anus, vagina and urethra in women, and due to the short length of the female urethra. Bladder infections in men usually indicate a more serious problem such as prostatitis.

Risk factors: pregnancy, sexual intercourse, diabetes and narrowing or obstruction of the urinary tract.

Symptoms: frequent and painful urination and urine with an unpleasant odour that is cloudy in colour.

Who to consult: GP, herbalist, naturopath, pharmacist.